2019-12-26
comorbidity is an R package for computing comorbidity scores such as the weighted Charlson score and the Elixhauser comorbidity score; both ICD-10 and ICD-9 coding systems are supported.
Installation
comorbidity is on CRAN. You can install it as usual with:
install.packages("comorbidity")
Alternatively, you can install the development version from GitHub with:
# install.packages("remotes") remotes::install_github("ellessenne/comorbidity")
Simulating ICD-10 codes
The comorbidity packages includes a function named sample_diag() that allows simulating ICD diagnostic codes in a straightforward way. For instance, we could simulate ICD-10 codes:
# load the comorbidity package library(comorbidity) # set a seed for reproducibility set.seed(1) # simulate 50 ICD-10 codes for 5 individuals x <- data.frame( id = sample(1:5, size = 50, replace = TRUE), code = sample_diag(n = 50), stringsAsFactors = FALSE ) x <- x[order(x$id, x$code), ] print(head(x, n = 15), row.names = FALSE) ## id code ## 1 B02 ## 1 B582 ## 1 I749 ## 1 J450 ## 1 L893 ## 1 Q113 ## 1 Q26 ## 1 Q978 ## 1 T224 ## 1 V101 ## 1 V244 ## 1 V46 ## 2 A665 ## 2 C843 ## 2 D838
It is also possible to simulate from two different versions of the ICD-10 coding system. The default is to simulate ICD-10 codes from the 2011 version:
set.seed(1) x1 <- data.frame( id = sample(1:3, size = 30, replace = TRUE), code = sample_diag(n = 30), stringsAsFactors = FALSE ) set.seed(1) x2 <- data.frame( id = sample(1:3, size = 30, replace = TRUE), code = sample_diag(n = 30, version = "ICD10_2011"), stringsAsFactors = FALSE ) # should return TRUE all.equal(x1, x2) ## [1] TRUE
Alternatively, you could use the 2009 version:
set.seed(1) x1 <- data.frame( id = sample(1:3, size = 30, replace = TRUE), code = sample_diag(n = 30, version = "ICD10_2009"), stringsAsFactors = FALSE ) set.seed(1) x2 <- data.frame( id = sample(1:3, size = 30, replace = TRUE), code = sample_diag(n = 30, version = "ICD10_2011"), stringsAsFactors = FALSE ) # should not return TRUE all.equal(x1, x2) ## [1] "Component \"code\": 30 string mismatches"
Simulating ICD-9 codes
ICD-9 codes can be easily simulated too:
set.seed(2) x9 <- data.frame( id = sample(1:3, size = 30, replace = TRUE), code = sample_diag(n = 30, version = "ICD9_2015"), stringsAsFactors = FALSE ) x9 <- x9[order(x9$id, x9$code), ] print(head(x9, n = 15), row.names = FALSE) ## id code ## 1 01130 ## 1 01780 ## 1 30151 ## 1 3073 ## 1 36907 ## 1 37845 ## 1 64212 ## 1 66704 ## 1 72633 ## 1 9689 ## 1 V289 ## 2 0502 ## 2 09169 ## 2 20046 ## 2 25082
Computing comorbidity scores
The main function of the comorbidity package is named comorbidity(), and it can be used to compute any supported comorbidity score; scores can be specified by setting the score argument, which is required.
Say we have 3 individuals with a total of 30 ICD-10 diagnostic codes:
set.seed(1) x <- data.frame( id = sample(1:3, size = 30, replace = TRUE), code = sample_diag(n = 30), stringsAsFactors = FALSE )
We could compute the Charlson score, index, and each comorbidity domain:
charlson <- comorbidity(x = x, id = "id", code = "code", score = "charlson", icd = "icd10", assign0 = FALSE) charlson ## id ami chf pvd cevd dementia copd rheumd pud mld diab diabwc hp rend canc msld metacanc aids ## 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ## 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ## 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## score index wscore windex ## 1 2 1-2 8 >=5 ## 2 1 1-2 2 1-2 ## 3 0 0 0 0
We set the assign0 argument to FALSE to not apply a hierarchy of comorbidity codes, as described in ?comorbidity::comorbidity. The default is to assume ICD-10 codes are passed to comorbidity:
charlson.default <- comorbidity(x = x, id = "id", code = "code", score = "charlson", assign0 = FALSE) all.equal(charlson, charlson.default) ## [1] TRUE
Alternatively, we could compute the Elixhauser score:
elixhauser <- comorbidity(x = x, id = "id", code = "code", score = "elixhauser", icd = "icd10", assign0 = FALSE) elixhauser ## id chf carit valv pcd pvd hypunc hypc para ond cpd diabunc diabc hypothy rf ld pud aids lymph ## 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ## 2 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## metacanc solidtum rheumd coag obes wloss fed blane dane alcohol drug psycho depre score index ## 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1-4 ## 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1-4 ## 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1-4 ## wscore_ahrq wscore_vw windex_ahrq windex_vw ## 1 7 4 >=5 1-4 ## 2 7 3 >=5 1-4 ## 3 5 6 >=5 >=5
Conversely, say we have 5 individuals with a total of 100 ICD-9 diagnostic codes:
set.seed(3) x <- data.frame( id = sample(1:5, size = 100, replace = TRUE), code = sample_diag(n = 100, version = "ICD9_2015"), stringsAsFactors = FALSE )
The Charlson and Elixhauser comorbidity codes can be easily computed:
We could compute the Charlson score, index, and each comorbidity domain:
charlson9 <- comorbidity(x = x, id = "id", code = "code", score = "charlson", icd = "icd9", assign0 = FALSE) charlson9 ## id ami chf pvd cevd dementia copd rheumd pud mld diab diabwc hp rend canc msld metacanc aids ## 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ## 2 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## 4 4 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ## 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ## score index wscore windex ## 1 2 1-2 3 3-4 ## 2 1 1-2 1 1-2 ## 3 1 1-2 1 1-2 ## 4 3 3-4 4 3-4 ## 5 1 1-2 2 1-2
Alternatively, we could compute the Elixhauser score:
elixhauser9 <- comorbidity(x = x, id = "id", code = "code", score = "elixhauser", icd = "icd9", assign0 = FALSE) elixhauser9 ## id chf carit valv pcd pvd hypunc hypc para ond cpd diabunc diabc hypothy rf ld pud aids lymph ## 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## 4 4 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ## metacanc solidtum rheumd coag obes wloss fed blane dane alcohol drug psycho depre score index ## 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1-4 ## 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1-4 ## 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1-4 ## 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1-4 ## 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1-4 ## wscore_ahrq wscore_vw windex_ahrq windex_vw ## 1 3 2 1-4 1-4 ## 2 5 6 >=5 >=5 ## 3 -5 0 <0 0 ## 4 9 6 >=5 >=5 ## 5 0 0 0 0
The weighted Elixhauser score is computed using both the AHRQ and the van Walraven algorithm (wscore_ahrq and wscore_vw).
Citation
If you find comorbidity useful, please cite it in your publications:
citation("comorbidity") ## ## To cite the comorbidity package in publications, please use: ## ## Gasparini, (2018). comorbidity: An R package for computing comorbidity scores. Journal ## of Open Source Software, 3(23), 648, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00648 ## ## A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is ## ## @Article{, ## author = {Alessandro Gasparini}, ## title = {comorbidity: An R package for computing comorbidity scores}, ## journal = {Journal of Open Source Software}, ## year = {2018}, ## volume = {3}, ## issue = {23}, ## pages = {648}, ## doi = {10.21105/joss.00648}, ## url = {https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00648}, ## }
References
This package is based on the ICD-10-based formulations of the Charlson score and Elixhauser score proposed by Quan et al. in 2005. The ICD-9 formulation of the Charlson score is also from Quan et al. The ICD-9-based Elixhauser score is according to the AHRQ formulation (Moore et al., 2017). Weights for the Charlson score are based on the original formulation by Charlson et al. in 1987, while weights for the Elixhauser score are based on work by van Walraven et al. Finally, the categorisation of scores and weighted scores is based on work by Menendez et al. Further details on each algorithm are included in the package vignette, which you can access by typing the following in the R console:
vignette("comorbidityscores", package = "comorbidity")
- Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, Fong A, Burnand B, Luthi JC, et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Medical Care 2005; 43(11):1130-1139. DOI: 10.1097/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83
- Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. Journal of Chronic Diseases 1987; 40:373-383. DOI: 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8
- Moore BJ, White S, Washington R, Coenen N, and Elixhauser A. Identifying increased risk of readmission and in-hospital mortality using hospital administrative data: the AHRQ Elixhauser comorbidity index. Medical Care 2017; 55(7):698-705. DOI: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000735
- Elixhauser A, Steiner C, Harris DR and Coffey RM. Comorbidity measures for use with administrative data. Medical Care 1998; 36(1):8-27. DOI: 10.1097/00005650-199801000-00004
- van Walraven C, Austin PC, Jennings A, Quan H and Forster AJ. A modification of the Elixhauser comorbidity measures into a point system for hospital death using administrative data. Medical Care 2009; 47(6):626-633. DOI: 10.1097/mlr.0b013e31819432e5
- Menendez ME, Neuhaus V, van Dijk CN, Ring D. The Elixhauser comorbidity method outperforms the Charlson index in predicting inpatient death after orthopaedic surgery. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 2014; 472(9):2878-2886. DOI: 10.1007/s11999-014-3686-7
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